Corso di laurea in Ortottica ed Assistenza Oftalmologica

The course aims to convey to students the main basic elements of knowledge of general pathology, of the Clinic in the pediatric field and of Internal Medicine and the main notions that will allow the detailed study of the pathologies affecting the ocular system.

In particular, the priority objectives of the teaching will be:

- describe the cellular and tissue elementary pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the various pathologies, recognize the environmental causes of disease (nutritional disturbances, chemical and radiant causes), expose the reaction mechanisms (inflammation, immune reaction)

- provide a basic knowledge of pediatric diseases with particular reference to the clinic

- provide notions on laboratory tests and their meaning in reference to the clinic and on the main pathological pictures, underlining their interconnection and interdependence

- propose a complete overview of the ocular pathology.

 

 

 

 

 

1. Knowledge and understanding

At the end of this teaching the student:

• will be able to understand the causes of human diseases and the fundamental pathogenetic mechanisms that occur at the level of cells and tissues; he will be able to explain the main mechanisms of reaction to damage, with particular reference to the inflammatory process; will know the main causes of tumors and their pathogenesis; will have a good knowledge of the main alterations of the immune system;
• will be able to illustrate the main pediatric diseases, with particular reference to hereditary diseases, exanthematous infectious diseases, diseases of the main systems and childhood cancers;
• will have a good knowledge of the general principles of evaluation and diagnosis for diseases of the main systems; will be able to illustrate the main laboratory tests and their meaning in relation to the clinic;
• will understand the main eye diseases, their diagnosis and treatment principles.

2. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding

At the end of this teaching the student:

• will be able to apply knowledge on the main disease classification criteria to identify characteristics common to different diseases; starting from clinical cases or scientific studies, he will be able to identify the elementary pathogenetic mechanisms at the cellular level, identify those characterized by inflammation, identify the salient characteristics of tumor disease and immunopathologies and will be able to identify causes common to different pathologies;
• for major pediatric diseases he/she will be able to interpret the medical history and connect the clinic to the pathogenetic mechanism;
• will be able to underline the interconnections that exist between diagnostic laboratory tests and the main pathological pictures; he will know how to orient himself autonomously in the various pathological pictures proposed, grasping any interconnections with pathologies that he will have to encounter in his career path;
• starting from clinical cases he will be able to illustrate the salient features of ocular pathologies.

3. Autonomy in intellectual production and critical judgment

At the end of this teaching the student will be able to rework the study material (slides, lecture notes, recommended texts) in order to identify the key concepts.

4. Communication skills

At the end of this teaching the student will master the specialized language.

5.Learning ability

At the end of this course, the student will know how to consult sources independently (books, online resources).

 

 MODULO DI PATOLOGIA GENERALE

Introduzione allo studio della Patologia Generale: concetto di salute e malattia, omeostasi, eziologia e patogenesi; malattie da cause intrinseche ed estrinseche; i principali criteri di classificazione di malattia.

Adattamenti cellulari, danno, morte della cellula: adattamenti cellulari (ipertrofia, atrofia, iperplasia, metaplasia); danno cellulare reversibile e irreversibile; morte cellulare (necrosi e apoptosi); patologie da accumulo cellulare.

Infiammazione e riparazione: infiammazione acuta e cronica; i principali mediatori dell’infiammazione; effetti sistemici dell’infiammazione; guarigione dei tessuti e delle ferite.

Oncologia: definizione di tumore, epidemiologia e fattori di rischio; tumori benigni e maligni, cenni di nomenclatura; evoluzione di un tumore maligno: progressione, invasione e metastasi; basi molecolari dei tumori; eziologia dei tumori: cause chimiche, fisiche, e biologiche

Eziologia Generale: le principali cause di malattia, con approfondimenti specifici in base al percorso di studio degli studenti.

Immunopatologia; caratteristiche generali del sistema immunitario (SI): immunità innata e acquisita, cellule e tessuti del SI, principali fasi della risposta; malattie del sistema immunitario: le reazioni di ipersensibilità tipo I, II, III, IV; cenni sulle malattie autoimmuni.

Per ogni gruppo di argomenti sono previste delle attività didattiche volte a consolidare gli apprendimenti. In particolare esse sono mirate ad esercitare gli studenti nella capacità di applicare conoscenza e comprensione (es. presentazione di casi clinici pertinenti ad un certo argomento), nell’autonomia di produzione intellettuale e giudizio critico (es. attività di autovalutazione), nelle abilità comunicative (es. stesura di brevi elaborati scritti) e nelle capacità di apprendimento (es. consultare in maniera autonoma le fonti).

 

 

• Cenni di fisiologia pediatrica
•  Cenni di dietetica
•  Malattie ereditarie e sindromi malformative
•  Cardiopatie congenite
•  Malattie dell'apparato respiratorio
•  Malattie dell'apparato digerente
•  Malattie del fegato
•  Malattie dell'apparato urinario
•  Malattie del sistema nervoso centrale
•  Malattie del sangue
•  Malattie endocrine e dismetaboliche
•  Malattie dermatologiche
•  Malattie reumatiche
•  Vaccinazioni
•  Malattie infettive
•  Tumori infantili

 Principi generali di valutazione e diagnosi

Apparato cardiovascolare:approccio al paziente e principali procedure diagnostiche

 Patologie: aritmie e morte improvvisa, aterosclerosi coronarica,insufficienza cardiaca, valvulopatie, malattie del pericardio, ipertensione arteriosa

  Apparato respiratorio: approccio a patologia respiratoria e diagnostica

 Patologie: ostruttiva (asma, bpco, enfisema), restrittiva, polmonite / pleurite, embolia polmonare, neoplasie

 Apparato renale:approccio al paziente con patologia nefrologica

 Patologie: insufficienza renale acuta (prerenale, renale postrenale), patologia vascolare renale, neoplasie

 Apparato gastrointestinale: tecniche diagnostiche principali

 Patologie: pancreatite, neoplasie, epatite acuta, cirrosi e insufficienza epatica

 Sangue e plasma:

 Patologie: diagnosi differenziale anemie, leucemie acute/croniche, linfomi (Hodgkin e non Hodgkin), disordini delle plasma cellule

 Terapia: trasfusioni di EC, piastrine,trapianto di midollo

 Oncologia: epidemiologia del cancro, sindromi paraneoplastiche endocrine, principi di terapia oncologica, emergenze in oncologia, approccio al paziente con neoplasia metastatica, principali quadri di maggiore risconro epidemiologico

  Apparato endocrino: la tiroide, ghiandole surrenali, diabete mellito,

  Autoimmunità:  artrite reumatoide, lupus eritematoso sistemico,

 HIV e sindrome da immunodeficienza acquisita

• Patologia dell'orbita
• Patologia della palpebra
• Patologia dell'apparato lacrimale
•  Patologia della congiuntiva
•  Patologia della cornea
•  Patologia della sclera
•  Patologia dell'uvea
•  Patologia del cristallino
•  Patologia del vitreo
•  Patologia della retina
•  Glaucoma
•  Patologie congenite
•  Oftalmologia pediatrica

GENERAL PATHOLOGY MODULE

Introduction to the study of General Pathology: concept of health and disease, homeostasis, etiology and pathogenesis; diseases of intrinsic and extrinsic causes; the main disease classification criteria.

Cellular adaptations, damage, cell death: cellular adaptations (hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia); reversible and irreversible cell damage; cell death (necrosis and apoptosis); cell accumulation pathologies.

Inflammation and repair: acute and chronic inflammation; the main mediators of inflammation; systemic effects of inflammation; tissue and wound healing.

Oncology: definition of cancer, epidemiology and risk factors; benign and malignant tumors, outline of nomenclature; evolution of a malignant tumor: progression, invasion and metastasis; molecular basis of tumors; etiology of tumors: chemical, physical, and biological causes

General Etiology: the main causes of disease, with specific insights based on the students' study path.

Immunopathology: general characteristics of the immune system (SI): innate and acquired immunity, cells and tissues of the SI, main phases of the response; diseases of the immune system: hypersensitivity reactions type I, II, III, IV; notes on autoimmune diseases.

 For each group of topics, educational activities are planned to consolidate learning. In particular, they are aimed at exercising students in the ability to apply knowledge and understanding (e.g., presentation of clinical cases relevant to a specific topic), in making judgments (e.g., peer evaluation activities), in communication skills (e.g., drafting short written essays) and learning ability (e.g., independent learning from a variety of different sources).

 

PEDIATRICS

• Outline of pediatric physiology
•   Basics of dietetics
•   Hereditary diseases and malformative syndromes
•   Congenital heart disease
•   Diseases of the respiratory system
•   Diseases of the digestive system
•   Diseases of the liver
•   Diseases of the urinary system
•   Diseases of the central nervous system
•   Diseases of the blood
•   Endocrine and dysmetabolic diseases
•   Dermatological diseases
•   Rheumatic diseases
•   Vaccinations
•   Infectious diseases
•   Childhood cancers

 

INTERNAL MEDICINE

 General principles of evaluation and diagnosis

Cardiovascular system: patient approach and main diagnostic procedures

 Pathologies: arrhythmias and sudden death, coronary atherosclerosis, heart failure, valvulopathies, pericardial diseases, arterial hypertension

  Respiratory system: approach to respiratory and diagnostic pathology

 Pathologies: obstructive (asthma, bpco, emphysema), restrictive, pneumonia / pleurisy, pulmonary embolism, neoplasms

 Renal system: approach to the patient with nephrological pathology

 Disorders: acute renal failure (prerenal, post-renal renal), renal vascular disease, neoplasms

 Gastrointestinal system: main diagnostic techniques

 Pathologies: pancreatitis, neoplasms, acute hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver failure

 Blood and plasma. Pathologies: differential diagnosis of anemia, acute / chronic leukemia, lymphomas (Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin), disorders of plasma cells. Therapy: EC transfusions, platelets, bone marrow transplant

 Oncology: cancer epidemiology, endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes, principles of oncological therapy, emergencies in oncology, approach to the patient with metastatic neoplasia, main pictures of major epidemiological response

Endocrine system: the thyroid, adrenal glands, diabetes mellitus,

 Autoimmunity: rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

 

OCULAR PATHOLOGY

• Pathology of the orbit
• Pathology of the eyelid
• Pathology of the lacrimal apparatus
•   Pathology of the conjunctiva
•   Pathology of the cornea
•   Pathology of the sclera
•   Pathology of the uvea
•   Pathology of the lens
•   Pathology of the vitreous
•   Pathology of the retina
•   Glaucoma
•   Congenital pathologies
•   Pediatric ophthalmology

The module is divided into 60 hours of teaching. The educational activities include:

• lectures in which the topics of the program are presented with the support of technologies (slides, videos, online resources);
• individual or group exercises, with frequent use of clinical cases, for the understanding and consolidation of learning, in the classroom or on e-learning platforms for teaching;
• learning feedback on the exercises performed.

 

For each training activity, a conclusive and certifying assessment of the end of the period in which the activity took place is provided. The evaluation of the profit is comprehensive and collegial. By passing the exam or verification, the student obtains the credits attributed to the training activity in question.

The content assessment exam consists of a series of written tests (multiple choice closed questions or open questions) and subsequent oral evaluation.