Corso di laurea in Ortottica ed Assistenza Oftalmologica

The course aims to convey to students the interest and fundamental knowledge of human anatomy, physiological processes and the principles of medical genetics.

Each student at the end of the cycle of lessons must have knowledge of the morphological aspects and, in synthetic form, of the organogenetic processes related to the various systems of the human body. The course will also aim to provide the necessary basis for subsequent physiology studies and for the interpretation of the anomalies found in the various pathologies that the student will have to examine in the courses of clinical disciplines.

The student must acquire knowledge relating to the cell, embryology, morphology and structure of the organs and systems of the human body; the modes of operation of the various organs, their integration into systems and functional control mechanisms, with particular attention to the sense organs, the musculoskeletal system and the nervous system.

The course aims to provide students with the tools and theoretical concepts for understanding the basic principles of medical genetics, with particular reference to humans and a key to understanding the main genetic diseases also in the light of the most modern molecular investigation methods.

The course aims to provide students with the knowledge and tools to synthetically describe the cell and cellular specializations at the apical level (membrane specializations) and at the junctional level (cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions). Fully describe the composition, structural and functional specialization of cells within the different tissues of the body (epithelial, connective, support, muscle and nervous tissue). The mechanisms that regulate the regeneration and maintenance of structural and functional homeostasis of adult tissues.

 

 

 

HUMAN ANATOMY AND NEUROANATOMY

• Anatomical organization of the human body.
• Head and neck.
• The thoracic cavity: pleuro-pulmonary and mediastinal lodges.
• The abdominal cavity.

Introduction to the cardio-circulatory system

• Anatomical bases of the large circle and the pulmonary circle.
• The heart: external and internal morphology with particular regard to valve systems. Conduction system. Pericardium.
• Spraying of the heart: coronary
• Arterial and venous tree

Introduction to the locomotor system

• General information on bones joints and muscles.

Introduction to the nervous system.

• The different parts of the Nervous System.
• Vascularization of the brain.
• Outline on the great motor and sensory pathways.
• General organization of the Peripheral and autonomic Nervous System.

Respiratory system.

• Cavities and paranasal sinuses.
• Larynx: site, outline of the constitution, cavity morphology.
• Tracheo-bronchial tree: morphology, location and relationships.
• The lung: external morphology and subdivisions of the parenchyma.
• The pleura and the pleural cavity.
• Structure of the organs.

Anatomical organization of the lymphatic system. Spleen, thymus and lymph nodes. Structure of the organs.

• Tegumentary system.

Genital apparatus.

• Anatomical organization of the male and female genital system.
• Gonads.
• Structure of the organs.
• Endocrine system.
• Morphology, site, relationships and structure of the endocrine glands.

Urinary system.

• Morphology; seat and ratios of the urinary tract.
• Kidney.
• Structure of the organs.

Digestive system.

• The buccal cavity: subdivision and limits. The tongue. Teeth. The major salivary glands. Pharynx. Headquarters and cavitary morphology.
• The digestive tract: morphology and site of the different traits.
• The peritoneum: the peritoneal cavity and its contents.
• The liver and the pancreas.
• Structure of the organs.

PHYSIOLOGY

Functional organization of the human body and homeostasis:

• NERVOUS SYSTEM: The neuron. Transport mechanisms. Membrane potential. Action potential. Chemical and electrical synapses. Transmitters and second messengers. The muscle. Muscle contraction. Organization of the motor system. Spinal reflections. Cerebellum and ganglia of the base. Motor cortex. Organization of the sensory system. Sensory receptors. Sensory pathways. Sensory cortex. Superior supplementary functions. Autonomic nervous system.
• HEART AND CIRCULATION: Organization and functions of the cardiovascular system. Myocardial electrical and contractile characteristics. The cardiac cycle. ECG. Arterial and venous system. Flow and pressure. Microcirculation. Circulation regulation.
• RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: Organization and functions of the respiratory system. Pulmonary ventilation. Respiratory mechanics. Pulmonary exchange of gas. Transport of gases in the blood. Breath regulation.
• DIGEST SYSTEM: general aspects of the organization and functions of the digestive system.
• THE URINARY SYSTEM: general aspects of the organization and functions of the renal system.

MEDICAL GENETICS

• The human karyotype
• Mendel's laws and exceptions
• The models of inheritance
• Chromosomal abnormalities, gene mutations, dynamic mutations, mutagens
• Genetics and environment: multifactorial diseases
• Genomic imprinting and diseases
• Genetic markers and polymorphisms
• The manipulation of DNA in human and medical genetics
• The genetics of cancer
• Genetic tests.

 

HISTOLOGY

• Outline of the cell and functional organization of the cell in the tissues: notes on cellular organization, with particular attention to morphology and function of the cytoskeletal apparatus - membrane specializations and cellular junctions. Cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions - cells with stem function.
• Epithelial tissue: general characteristics and classification of epithelium-barrier function, transport and secretion - examples of coating epithelia - examples of glandular epithelia - exocrine glands and endocrine glands.
• The connective tissue: general characters - classification and functions of connective tissues - cells of the connective tissue - the extracellular matrix.
  Supporting tissues: bone tissue - cartilaginous tissue.
• Muscle tissue: striated muscle - smooth muscle - heart muscle - neuro-muscular junction (motor plaque) - muscle contraction.
  Nervous tissue: shape and structure of neurons - generation of the nerve impulse (action potential) - conduction of the nerve impulse - the myelin sheath - the synapses - the cells of the glia.
• Blood: the figurative elements of blood (erythrocytes, granulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes / macrophages, platelets) - hints on the Hematopoiesis - notes on cellular and humoral immune responses.
  For each topic there will be a brief study on the histological characterization of the various tissues, through the presentation of slides on histological preparations.

Depending on the Coronavirus emergency: traditional lessons in a classroom if possible, otherwise distant learning lessons or mixed modality (total amount of 84 hours - 36 hours of Human Anatomy and Neuroanatomy, 12 hours of Medical Genetics, 12 hours of Histology, 24 hours of Physiology).

 

The exam will consist of 4 written tests with open and/or multiple choice questions, one for each module. The final evaluation expressed in 30ths will be the result of the weighted average based on the credits of the five modules.

See specific activities for each teaching module.